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DOCK3 | |||||||||
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Identifiers | |||||||||
Aliases | DOCK3, MOCA, PBP, Dock3, dedicator of cytokinesis 3, NEDIDHA | ||||||||
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Orthologs | |||||||||
Species | Human | Mouse | |||||||
Entrez | |||||||||
Ensembl | |||||||||
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RefSeq (mRNA) | |||||||||
RefSeq (protein) |
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Location (UCSC) | Chr 3: 50.67 – 51.38 Mb | Chr 9: 106.89 – 107.23 Mb | |||||||
PubMed search | [3] | [4] | |||||||
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Dock3 (Dedicator of cytokinesis 3), also known as MOCA (modifier of cell adhesion) and PBP (presenilin-binding protein), is a large (~180 kDa) protein involved in intracellularsignalling networks.[5] It is a member of the DOCK-B subfamily of the DOCK family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) which function as activators of small G proteins. Dock3 specifically activates the small G protein Rac.
Discovery[edit]
Dock3 was originally discovered in a screen for proteins that bind presenilin (a transmembrane protein which is mutated in early onset Alzheimer's disease).[6] Dock3 is specifically expressed in neurones (primarily in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus).
Structure and function[edit]
Lion festival slot. Dock3 is part of a large class of proteins (GEFs) which contribute to cellular signalling events by activating small G proteins. In their resting state G proteins are bound to Guanosine diphosphate (GDP) and their activation requires the dissociation of GDP and binding of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). GEFs activate G proteins by promoting this nucleotide exchange.
Non tracking browser windows. Dock3 exhibits the same domain arrangement as Dock180 (a member of the DOCK-A subfamily and the archetypal member of the DOCK family) and these proteins share a considerable (40%) degree of sequence similarity.[7]
Dock 3 0 9 X 284
Regulation[edit]
Since Dock3 shares the same domain arrangement as Dock180 it is predicted to have a similar array of binding partners, although this has yet to be demonstrated. It contains an N-terminalSH3 domain, which in Dock180 binds ELMO (a family of adaptor proteins which mediate recruitment and efficient GEF activity of Dock180), and a C-terminalproline-rich region which, in Dock180, binds the adaptor protein CRK.[7][8] Pdf to word converter 6 2 1 pdf.
Downstream signalling[edit]
Dock3 GEF activity is directed specifically at Rac1. Dock3 has not been shown to interact with Rac3, another Rac protein which is expressed in neuronal cells, and this may be because Rac3 is primarily located in the perinuclear region. In fact, Rac1 and Rac3 appear to have distinct and antagonistic roles in these cells.[9] Dock3-mediated Rac1 activation promotes reorganisation of the cytoskeleton in SH-SY5Yneuroblastoma cells and primary cortical neurones as well as morphological changes in fibroblasts.[10] It has also been shown to regulate neurite outgrowth and cell-cell adhesion in B103 and PC12 cells.[11]
In neurological disorders[edit]
The first indication that Dock3 might be involved in neurological disorders came when Dock3 was shown to bind to presenilin, a transmembrane enzyme involved in the generation of beta amyloid (Aβ),[6] accumulation of which is an important step in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Dock3 has been shown to undergo redistribution and association with neurofibrillary tangles in brain samples from patients with Alzheimer's disease.[12] A mutation in Dock3 was also identified in a family displaying a phenotype resembling attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).[13]
References[edit]
- ^ abcGRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000088538 - Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ abcGRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000039716 - Ensembl, May 2017
- ^'Human PubMed Reference:'. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^'Mouse PubMed Reference:'. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^'Entrez Gene: DOCK3 dedicator of cytokinesis 3'.
- ^ abKashiwa A, Yoshida H, Lee S, et al. (July 2000). 'Isolation and characterization of novel presenilin binding protein'. J. Neurochem. 75 (1): 109–16. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0750109.x. PMID10854253. S2CID24838995.
- ^ abCôté JF, Vuori K (December 2002). 'Identification of an evolutionarily conserved superfamily of DOCK180-related proteins with guanine nucleotide exchange activity'. J. Cell Sci. 115 (Pt 24): 4901–13. doi:10.1242/jcs.00219. PMID12432077.
- ^Hasegawa H, Kiyokawa E, Tanaka S, et al. (April 1996). 'DOCK180, a major CRK-binding protein, alters cell morphology upon translocation to the cell membrane'. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16 (4): 1770–76. doi:10.1128/mcb.16.4.1770. PMC231163. PMID8657152.
- ^Hajdo-Milasinović A, Ellenbroek SI, van Es S, et al. (February 2007). 'Rac1 and Rac3 have opposing functions in cell adhesion and differentiation of neuronal cells'. J. Cell Sci. 120 (Pt 4): 555–66. doi:10.1242/jcs.03364. PMID17244648.
- ^Namekata K, Enokido Y, Iwasawa K, Kimura H (April 2004). 'MOCA induces membrane spreading by activating Rac1'. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (14): 14331–37. doi:10.1074/jbc.M311275200. PMID14718541.
- ^Chen Q, Chen TJ, Letourneau PC, et al. (January 2005). 'Modifier of cell adhesion regulates N-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion and neurite outgrowth'. J. Neurosci. 25 (2): 281–90. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3692-04.2005. PMC6725471. PMID15647471.
- ^Chen Q, Yoshida H, Schubert D, et al. (November 2001). 'Presenilin Binding Protein Is Associated with Neurofibrillary Alterations in Alzheimer's Disease and Stimulates Tau Phosphorylation'. Am. J. Pathol. 159 (5): 1567–602. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63005-2. PMC1867048. PMID11696419.
- ^de Silva MG, Elliott K, Dahl HH, et al. (October 2003). 'Disruption of a novel member of a sodium/hydrogen exchanger family and DOCK3 is associated with an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-like phenotype'. J. Med. Genet. 40 (10): 733–40. doi:10.1136/jmg.40.10.733. PMC1735283. PMID14569117.
Further reading[edit]
- Côté JF, Vuori K (2007). 'GEF what? Dock180 and related proteins help Rac to polarize cells in new ways'. Trends Cell Biol. 17 (8): 383–93. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2007.05.001. PMC2887429. PMID17765544.
- Meller N, Merlot S, Guda C (2005). 'CZH proteins: a new family of Rho-GEFs'. J. Cell Sci. 118 (Pt 21): 4937–46. doi:10.1242/jcs.02671. PMID16254241.
- Côté JF, Vuori K (2006). 'In vitro guanine nucleotide exchange activity of DHR-2/DOCKER/CZH2 domains'. Meth. Enzymol. Methods in Enzymology. 406: 41–57. doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(06)06004-6. ISBN9780121828110. PMID16472648.
- Chen Q, Kimura H, Schubert D (2002). 'A novel mechanism for the regulation of amyloid precursor protein metabolism'. J. Cell Biol. 158 (1): 79–89. doi:10.1083/jcb.200110151. PMC2173011. PMID12093789.
- Brion JP, Anderton BH, Authelet M, et al. (2001). 'Neurofibrillary tangles and tau phosphorylation'(PDF). Biochem. Soc. Symp. 67 (67): 81–88. doi:10.1042/bss0670081. PMID11447842.
- Kim JM, Lee KH, Jeon YJ, et al. (2007). 'Identification of genes related to Parkinson's disease using expressed sequence tags'. DNA Res. 13 (6): 275–86. doi:10.1093/dnares/dsl016. PMID17213182.
AKiTiO Thunder2 Dock
Lion festival slot. Dock3 is part of a large class of proteins (GEFs) which contribute to cellular signalling events by activating small G proteins. In their resting state G proteins are bound to Guanosine diphosphate (GDP) and their activation requires the dissociation of GDP and binding of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). GEFs activate G proteins by promoting this nucleotide exchange.
Non tracking browser windows. Dock3 exhibits the same domain arrangement as Dock180 (a member of the DOCK-A subfamily and the archetypal member of the DOCK family) and these proteins share a considerable (40%) degree of sequence similarity.[7]
Dock 3 0 9 X 284
Regulation[edit]
Since Dock3 shares the same domain arrangement as Dock180 it is predicted to have a similar array of binding partners, although this has yet to be demonstrated. It contains an N-terminalSH3 domain, which in Dock180 binds ELMO (a family of adaptor proteins which mediate recruitment and efficient GEF activity of Dock180), and a C-terminalproline-rich region which, in Dock180, binds the adaptor protein CRK.[7][8] Pdf to word converter 6 2 1 pdf.
Downstream signalling[edit]
Dock3 GEF activity is directed specifically at Rac1. Dock3 has not been shown to interact with Rac3, another Rac protein which is expressed in neuronal cells, and this may be because Rac3 is primarily located in the perinuclear region. In fact, Rac1 and Rac3 appear to have distinct and antagonistic roles in these cells.[9] Dock3-mediated Rac1 activation promotes reorganisation of the cytoskeleton in SH-SY5Yneuroblastoma cells and primary cortical neurones as well as morphological changes in fibroblasts.[10] It has also been shown to regulate neurite outgrowth and cell-cell adhesion in B103 and PC12 cells.[11]
In neurological disorders[edit]
The first indication that Dock3 might be involved in neurological disorders came when Dock3 was shown to bind to presenilin, a transmembrane enzyme involved in the generation of beta amyloid (Aβ),[6] accumulation of which is an important step in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Dock3 has been shown to undergo redistribution and association with neurofibrillary tangles in brain samples from patients with Alzheimer's disease.[12] A mutation in Dock3 was also identified in a family displaying a phenotype resembling attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).[13]
References[edit]
- ^ abcGRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000088538 - Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ abcGRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000039716 - Ensembl, May 2017
- ^'Human PubMed Reference:'. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^'Mouse PubMed Reference:'. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^'Entrez Gene: DOCK3 dedicator of cytokinesis 3'.
- ^ abKashiwa A, Yoshida H, Lee S, et al. (July 2000). 'Isolation and characterization of novel presenilin binding protein'. J. Neurochem. 75 (1): 109–16. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0750109.x. PMID10854253. S2CID24838995.
- ^ abCôté JF, Vuori K (December 2002). 'Identification of an evolutionarily conserved superfamily of DOCK180-related proteins with guanine nucleotide exchange activity'. J. Cell Sci. 115 (Pt 24): 4901–13. doi:10.1242/jcs.00219. PMID12432077.
- ^Hasegawa H, Kiyokawa E, Tanaka S, et al. (April 1996). 'DOCK180, a major CRK-binding protein, alters cell morphology upon translocation to the cell membrane'. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16 (4): 1770–76. doi:10.1128/mcb.16.4.1770. PMC231163. PMID8657152.
- ^Hajdo-Milasinović A, Ellenbroek SI, van Es S, et al. (February 2007). 'Rac1 and Rac3 have opposing functions in cell adhesion and differentiation of neuronal cells'. J. Cell Sci. 120 (Pt 4): 555–66. doi:10.1242/jcs.03364. PMID17244648.
- ^Namekata K, Enokido Y, Iwasawa K, Kimura H (April 2004). 'MOCA induces membrane spreading by activating Rac1'. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (14): 14331–37. doi:10.1074/jbc.M311275200. PMID14718541.
- ^Chen Q, Chen TJ, Letourneau PC, et al. (January 2005). 'Modifier of cell adhesion regulates N-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion and neurite outgrowth'. J. Neurosci. 25 (2): 281–90. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3692-04.2005. PMC6725471. PMID15647471.
- ^Chen Q, Yoshida H, Schubert D, et al. (November 2001). 'Presenilin Binding Protein Is Associated with Neurofibrillary Alterations in Alzheimer's Disease and Stimulates Tau Phosphorylation'. Am. J. Pathol. 159 (5): 1567–602. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63005-2. PMC1867048. PMID11696419.
- ^de Silva MG, Elliott K, Dahl HH, et al. (October 2003). 'Disruption of a novel member of a sodium/hydrogen exchanger family and DOCK3 is associated with an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-like phenotype'. J. Med. Genet. 40 (10): 733–40. doi:10.1136/jmg.40.10.733. PMC1735283. PMID14569117.
Further reading[edit]
- Côté JF, Vuori K (2007). 'GEF what? Dock180 and related proteins help Rac to polarize cells in new ways'. Trends Cell Biol. 17 (8): 383–93. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2007.05.001. PMC2887429. PMID17765544.
- Meller N, Merlot S, Guda C (2005). 'CZH proteins: a new family of Rho-GEFs'. J. Cell Sci. 118 (Pt 21): 4937–46. doi:10.1242/jcs.02671. PMID16254241.
- Côté JF, Vuori K (2006). 'In vitro guanine nucleotide exchange activity of DHR-2/DOCKER/CZH2 domains'. Meth. Enzymol. Methods in Enzymology. 406: 41–57. doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(06)06004-6. ISBN9780121828110. PMID16472648.
- Chen Q, Kimura H, Schubert D (2002). 'A novel mechanism for the regulation of amyloid precursor protein metabolism'. J. Cell Biol. 158 (1): 79–89. doi:10.1083/jcb.200110151. PMC2173011. PMID12093789.
- Brion JP, Anderton BH, Authelet M, et al. (2001). 'Neurofibrillary tangles and tau phosphorylation'(PDF). Biochem. Soc. Symp. 67 (67): 81–88. doi:10.1042/bss0670081. PMID11447842.
- Kim JM, Lee KH, Jeon YJ, et al. (2007). 'Identification of genes related to Parkinson's disease using expressed sequence tags'. DNA Res. 13 (6): 275–86. doi:10.1093/dnares/dsl016. PMID17213182.
AKiTiO Thunder2 Dock
The Thunderbolt™ dock links past, present and future technology to your computer with just one Thunderbolt™ cable. The Thunder2 Dock allows you to access your data on both legacy and future storage drives by providing multiple host ports for USB 3.0, eSATA and FireWire 800. It also has two Thunderbolt 2 ports for daisy chaining additional Thunderbolt devices and storage.
Features- Two Thunderbolt 2 ports for lightning fast speeds up to 20Gb/s
- Daisy chain up to 6 Thunderbolt devices
- Two eSATA host ports (up to 6Gb/s)
- One 7 watt bus-powered FireWire 800 host port
- Two bus-powered USB 3.0 host ports (supports UASP)
- Durable and rugged aluminum casing
- Supports 4K monitors and displays
Linking past, present and future technology
USB 3.0 supporting UASP
Free famly guy games. The two USB 3.0 ports both support UASP (USB attached SCSI protocol) for increased performance over USB 3.0 but the same ports can of course also be used to connect the older USB 2.0 storage drives. Note: The maximum transfer rate for the USB interface is about 370MB/s.
FireWire with bus-power (7W)
Long a favorite of Mac users but now replaced by Thunderbolt and USB 3.0, the FireWire interface can still be used through the AKiTiO Thunder Dock. Simply hook up your legacy FireWire drives (bus-powered and self-powered) to the dock and you can access all your existing data without having to buy new hard drive enclosures.
eSATA storage (6Gbps)
Dock 3 0 9 X 20
Not as common as the other interfaces but PC users will be happy to know that there are also two eSATA ports available to hook up external eSATA drives.
High-Speed I/O Performance
Thunderbolt™ I/O
Thunderbolt™ is a revolutionary connection technology that simultaneously supports high-resolution displays and high-performance data devices through a single, compact port. Thunderbolt™ technology gives you two channels on the same connector with 10 Gbps of throughput in both directions. The extremely fast and flexible Thunderbolt 2 connection now pushes that to 20 Gbps but the two generations of Thunderbolt technology are compatible with each other. In comparison, it is up to 20 times faster than USB 2.0 and up to 12 times faster than FireWire 800.
Thunder Dock
One Thunderbolt™ cable to connect them all. Simply connect the dock to your computer with just one cable and get instant access to all the additional storage drives that are hooked up to the dock. The lighting fast Thunderbolt interface guarantees that you can achieve the best possible data transfer rates.
Thunderbolt™ Daisy Chain
Storage & 4K Display
The second Thunderbolt port allows you to connect up to 5 additional Thunderbolt devices (storage or display) in a daisy chain. Thunderbolt 2 also has more than enough bandwidth to daisy chain multiple high-speed devices and it gives you access to the latest 4K monitors.
eSATA
Independent eSATA controllers
Two independent eSATA controllers guarantee that the performance doesn't drop, even when a second eSATA storage device is connected at the same time. Please note that the maximum transfer rate for each eSATA port is about 370MB/s.
USB charger (2.1A)
Recharge mobile phones & tablets
The USB ports can be used to recharge your electronic devices (e.g. iPad or iPhone) over USB on Mac OS X 10.9.2 or above (driver installation is required). Providing up to 2.1A, the AKiTiO Thunder Dock can even recharge your larger devices such as the iPad. It also provides power for the Apple Keyboard and the Apple SuperDrive for computers that do not have a built-in SuperDrive.
Model | AKiTiO Thunder2 Dock |
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System requirements (PC) | Not supported |
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Compatibility
- This product is not supported on Boot Camp
- This product is not supported on Windows but works with limited functionality (e.g. no hot plug)
- This product does not support FirmTek's SeriTek/5PM eSATA hard drive enclosure
- This device has to be connected to the computer via Thunderbolt interface
- External drives that are connected to the docking station do NOT spin down unless the power to the drive(s) is turned off
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